Aluminum (Al) ƙarfe ne mai sauƙi, fari mai launin azurfa wanda yake matsayi na uku mafi yawan sinadarai a cikin ɓawon duniya, yana bin iskar oxygen da silicon kawai. Duk da haka, saboda yawan amsawar sinadarai, ba ya faruwa ta halitta a cikin siffa ta ƙarfe mai tsarki. Madadin haka, ana samunsa a cikin mahaɗan sinadarai, galibi a cikin ma'adinan bauxite, cakuda oxides na aluminum masu hydrated ciki har da gibbsite (Al(OH)₃), boehmite (AlO(OH)), da diaspore.
Tsarin Gyaran Gida a Matakai Biyu
Tafiya daga bauxite mai ɗanɗano zuwatsarkin aluminum yana da alaƙa da tsarkin aluminumhanyoyi guda biyu daban-daban na masana'antu.
Mataki na ɗaya shine tsarin Bayer, wanda aka haɓaka a shekarar 1888. Ana haɗa sinadarin bauxite da aka niƙa da ruwan sodium hydroxide mai zafi a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, yana narkar da ma'adanai masu ɗauke da aluminum yayin da yake barin ƙazanta kamar ƙarfe oxides da silica a baya. Sannan ana tace ruwan sodium aluminate da aka samu don cire ragowar laka ja, a shuka shi da lu'ulu'u na aluminum hydroxide, sannan a sanya shi a cikin ruwan da ke kusa da 1,100°C don samar da farin alumina, ko aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Sama da kashi 90% na alumina na duniya ana samarwa ta wannan hanyar.
Mataki na biyu shine tsarin Hall Héroult. Alumina tana da wurin narkewa sama da 2,000°C, wanda hakan ya sa electrolysis kai tsaye ba shi da amfani. Maganin yana cikin narkar da Al₂O₃ a cikin cryolite mai narkewa (Na₃AlF₆), wanda ke rage zafin aiki zuwa kimanin 950~1,000°C. Sannan ana ratsa wutar lantarki ta cikin cakuda. Alluminum mai narkewa yana taruwa a ƙasan (cathode), yayin da iskar oxygen ke haɗuwa da carbon anodes don samar da CO₂. Wannan hanyar electrolytic ta kasance ita ce kawai hanyar masana'antu don samar da babban aluminum, yana samar da ƙarfe na 99.5~99.8%.
Waɗanne Abubuwa Ne Aluminum Yake Da Su?
Tsarkakken aluminum da kansa ya ƙunshi sinadarin Al ne kawai, tare da lambar atomic ta 13 da nauyin atomic na kimanin 26.98 g/mol. Tsarkakken aluminum na kasuwanci (98.8–99.7% Al) ya ƙunshi ƙananan alamun ƙarfe da silicon a matsayin ƙazanta na halitta. Duk da haka, mafi yawansu,aikace-aikace sun dogara ne akan aluminum gami, inda aka ƙara takamaiman abubuwa da gangan don daidaita halayen injiniya.
Don aikace-aikacen tsarin, jerin 6000 (misali, 6061) yana amfani da magnesium da silicon a matsayin manyan abubuwan haɗinsa, yawanci 0.8 ~ 1.2% Mg da 0.400 ~ .8% Si. Wannan haɗin yana ba da daidaito mai kyau na matsakaicin ƙarfi, ingantaccen walda, da ingantaccen injin.
Ga buƙatun ƙarfi mai yawa, jerin 7000 (misali, 7075) ya haɗa da zinc da jan ƙarfe a matsayin manyan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, tare da kusan 5.16 ~ .1% Zn da 1.2 ~ 2.0% Cu. Yanayin T6 na 7075 yana ba da kusan ninki biyu na ƙarfin juriya na 6061-T6, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama kayan da aka fi so don kayan aikin sararin samaniya da kayan aiki masu inganci.
Ana samun adadi mai yawa na chromium, manganese, da titanium a cikin ƙarfe na kasuwanci, kowannensu yana taka rawa wajen tace hatsi da juriya ga tsatsa. Fahimtar ainihin abubuwan da ke cikin kowanne ƙarfe yana da mahimmanci don zaɓar kayan da suka dace don takamaiman buƙatun injina ko ƙera.
Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-13-2026